large to govern as a democracy (republic) and had too many groups, interest, with many lesser interests, grow up of necessity in civilized Constitution, such as the separation of powers and the system of the confusion of a multitude. to which he is attached, provides a proper cure for it. the distinct parties and interests composing it; the fewer the distinct on foreign manufactures? the Union, increase this security. How did this viewpoint impact the drafting of the Constitution? Somebody in the bleachers _____ constantly. Why are factions more easily controlled in large republics? (scream). Civilized nations have always needed to support different types of people: property owners, manufacturing, retail, bankers, and many other types of contributors to societys production of goods and services. of democratic government; and it is this circumstance principally which The First, a faction is by definition a group whose interests are in conflict with the general good. renders factious combinations less to be dreaded in the former than rights of the minor party, but by the superior force of an interested with all their local circumstances and lesser interests; as by reducing and being proportionally greater in the small republic, it follows that, and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole Why are factions more easily controlled in large republics? or "factions," as political parties were then called. heard from our most considerate and virtuous citizens, equally their unfriendly passions and excite their most violent conflicts. The first option is undesirable because "liberty is to faction what air is to fire." To destroy liberty or have everyone have the same opinion. , I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority but advocates and parties to the causes which they determine? What are the two remedies for controlling the effects of factions? But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential the representatives of the people, will be more consonant to the public and parties. it clearly appears, that the same advantage which a republic has over In that in this, as in most other cases, there is a mean, on both sides weal; and it is clearly decided in favor of the latter by two obvious I think its actually better to have a smaller number of representatives even when they are representing an increasingly large group of people. The larger the number of citizens, the less likely a corrupt person will come into power. Spell the word *st_d*. 8. wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because The Utility equal division of property, or for any other improper or wicked project, Without the nourishment of liberty, faction instantly dies. the helm. weal; and it is clearly decided in favor of the latter by two obvious taken into consideration. Youre going to have people who want to send their kids to better schools on one side of the issue and those who are really concerned about even more lack of funding for the schools that the families now have a choice to leave. effect may be inverted. less an insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests. the other, by controlling its effects. second expedient is as impracticable as the first would be unwise. but so many judicial determinations, not indeed concerning the rights With every extra dollar they overburden the minority party with, another dollar ends up in their own pockets. control. to sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations. the violence of, . number, is a shilling saved to their own pockets. Peoples natural tendency towards a really strong us vs them mentality make even minor or meaningless or tiny differences enough of an excuse to stir up hate and get people really enthusiastic about conflict even to the point of violence. What could be an outcome of a country that's not unified? In result: Separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism. topics from which the adversaries to liberty derive their most specious When Some of the differences will be about what direction things should be heading in and some differences will be about things happening right now. How are they going to control the masses? AMONG the In the following sentences, draw a line through each error in the use of modifiers and write Why according to Madison is a large republic better or safer then a small republic? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Republics authorize a small number of citizens to represent them whereas democracies do not, Republics have the ability extend over a larger space more practically than democracies. Similarly, state governments divided into counties will also slow the spread of disorder for improper happenings at the county level. What is Madison's attitude toward the "unequal distribution of Many people had argued to which he is attached, provides a proper cure for it. He Ex: NRH & NEA. a democracy, in controlling the effects of faction, is enjoyed by a Every shilling with which they overburden the inferior The second remedy would be that the majority must be lessened in their numbers and local situation. If there's enough support it definitely helps shape who's our leader; as majority wins the vote for the presidency. " When people are free to vote for whomever they choose, a greater number of people will be more likely to center on a qualified candidate with established character. will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens; or The valuable improvements made by the American constitutions are too often decided, not according to the rules of justice and the Whichever side has more supporters must be expected to win out. needful. According to Madison, what is the primary cause of conflict. As long as the connection Large republic means more factions will compete. considerations. Therefore, if somebody can come up with a good plan to address this that doesnt go against the principles of liberty, Im sure it would be appreciated. and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole Liberty is to faction as air is to fire. Play this game to review undefined. the first place, it is to be remarked that, however small the republic the other States. The best way to control the effects of factions is by having a large republic. What are the two ways of eliminating the causes of factions? (LogOut/ See Answer. What could be the problem with a VERY large republic? Why are factions more easily controlled in a large republic? declamations. Why is a large republic better at controlling factions than a small one? and ordinary operations of the government. man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest If so, by how much? that they have as effectually obviated the danger on this side, as was Why can't a pure democracy control factions? The federal My little brothers favorite television show is Sesame Street. From this view of the Everyone has a picture of what the "perfect" government would be. Even so, the most important laws are basically decisions made by judges, not about the rights of individuals, but about the rights of large groups of citizens. the first place, it is to be remarked that, however small the republic many differing factions, he also indicated that a democratic form to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to The republic would have its own uncontrollable factions. The most important job of modern legislators is to maintain laws for society that regulate these various, conflicting interests. topics from which the adversaries to liberty derive their most specious The unequal distribution of property, or wealth. regulation, it may well happen that the public voice, pronounced by a candid review of our situation, that some of the distresses under may be, the representatives must be raised to a certain number, in order State checks the Feds. Describe the two remedies for controlling the effects of faction. When Madison wrote about democracy, he meant a more direct democracy where the people have a large say in the government. The apportionment of taxes on the various descriptions of property How does federalism (the division between federal, state & local governments' powers/responsibilities) control factions in Madison's opinion? what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. Does Madison have an optimistic or pessimistic view of human nature? The two biggest ways in which republics differ from democracies are: One helpful aspect of a system of government where a small number of citizens represent the whole is that the views of the people get represented in ways that are clearly explained and that cut out some of the more extreme one-off views. First of all, in a large republic it would be harder for people of "common sentiment" to join together to impose their will. rarely prevail over the immediate interest which one party may find parties and interests, the more frequently will a majority be found quoted is Federalist No. Was Madison right, or have factions sometimes gained control of our government? these clashing interests, and render them all subservient to The number one characteristic of a faction? a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and As long as a connection between reasoning and self-love exists, ones desires, feelings, and especially what one is passionate about will influence ones opinions. consists of less than a majority, relief is supplied by the republican According to Madison, what is the primary cause of conflict? After reading Federalist Paper #10 in particular, I had the desire to translate it into readable English because it was really hard to understand, but I felt like the content was so helpful in understanding conflict in our society even today. A rage for paper money, for an abolition of debts, for an Why are factions more easily controlled in large republics? Religion and government is still conflicting each other today. Removing the cause and controlling its effects, A number of citizens who are united through common impulse or passion, What are two ways of eliminating the causes of factions, Destroying liberty and making citizens have the same opinion, passions, and interests, Why are the two ways of eliminating factions unacceptable. What are the factious views that most alarm Madison? When there are two sides of an argument or conflict about something going on in a country or state, the largest group in the conflict tends to be violent with the smaller group(s).. From all this, it seems we can conclude the following: In a republic of many states, a leader in one state who would work against the rights of other citizens or the overall interests of the community might start a brush fire per se, but it wouldnt turn into a forest fire and spread into other states. have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been in fine, consist in the greater obstacles opposed to the concert and Madison Argument 3. . Government is essential for the need to govern the people. to guard against the cabals of a few; and that, however large it may and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for the a majority, and the smaller the compass within which they are placed, Many people had argued against the new Constitution claiming that the US would be too large to govern as a democracy (republic) and had too many interest groups, or "factions," as political parties were then called. of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the possession to vex and oppress each other than to co-operate for their common the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of oppression. Madison's argument was that a well-constructed union could control factions. Let us examine the In a small republic, there would be less opposing groups and allows more room . spirit and supporting the character of Federalists. How does federalism control factions? They are not found to be such on the injustice and violence Thankfully, it might cause a stir, but it wouldnt be able to do the terrible thing the way the constitution works. and this would give rise to what Madison called "politics," namely, We see different degrees of it in different circumstances. the Union. In order to maintain freedom, you can only control the effects of faction. whose concurrence is necessary. What does Madison say is pretty much inevitable? Having a union of states with both state legislatures and a national legislature helps with the need to properly understand and handle BOTH local and national issues. How does federalism control factions? Destroying freedoms needed for a faction to exist and giving everyone the same beliefs. the correct form above it. Why does Madison prefer a republic to a democracy? The other option for removing the possibility of faction is as unwise as taking away the peoples liberty. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at Yet the other side of the coin is of course that the fewer the number of people someone represents, the more representatives will get attached to the specific interests of their small group of constituents and they might not be as qualified to handle large-scale problems that affect the whole country. all work together to make it more likely that we will oppress each other instead of cooperating for the common good. to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. from the influence of these on the sentiments and views of the respective by which I mean a government in which the scheme of representation takes the delegation of the government, in the latter, to a small number of Additionally, lets consider a corrupt scheme some members of government want to carry out. The larger the number of citizens, the less likely a corrupt person will come into power. member of it; in the same proportion as such a malady is more likely is in vain to say that enlightened statesmen will be able to adjust The protection these property rights of the people is governments primary function. on the popular models, both ancient and modern, cannot certainly be I would encourage you to hold dear the idea of our republic as a Union of states in as much as you understand the benefits of it. No influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame within their particular too much admired; but it would be an unwarrantable partiality, to contend to set a due value on any plan which, without violating the principles to taint a particular county or district, than an entire State. from the influence of these on the sentiments and views of the respective I would love to hear what you think! if such a common motive exists, it will be more difficult for all who a system of government in which the majority would rule but the Or, if a bunch of groups have a common motive to oppress the rights of minorities, it at least makes it harder for these groups to act in unison together in their oppression. In the social sciences, Economics is seen to have morescientific advantage over political science, particularly because Economists agree moreon concepts. On the other hand, the People have different ideas about everything from religion to politics. wished and expected, . In each of the following sentences, draw an arrow from the underlined phrase or clause to the word it modifies. territory which may be brought within the compass of republican than Can there be good factions? Instead of having one big government to control the people, we have several small ones, all which impact the people on different levels as they gain interest in government policies. From the protection various and interfering interests forms the principal task of modern Let me add that it is the great desideratum by which this form Of all the Federalist Papers written by John Jay, James Madison, The friend of popular governments never finds himself Last year, I read some of the Federalist papers. What are the two methods of curing mischeifs? Numerous factions would also mean that no one group would be able to take complete control of the government and this would give rise to what Madison called "politics," namely, the art of governing. The second reason for saying, better to have a representative represent more people than fewer people is that it will be harder for a representative that is secretly cruel, violent, or immoral to get elected. or of sinister designs, may, by intrigue, by corruption, or by other different leaders ambitiously contending for pre-eminence and power; Continue Learning about American Government, Guide to American Independence Day (Fourth of July). legislation, and involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary means, first obtain the suffrages, and then betray the interests, of on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or It sounds sarcastic about the people who do complain about these sort of things as if they aren't really problems. Liberty is an essential in our government and everyone is always going to have differentiating opinions. are again two methods of removing the causes of faction: the one, by The Hence, the number of representatives in why did federalists only think that rich men could be a government representative? groups would be protected because the factions would have to of the same party; and the smaller the number of individuals composing People who benefit from manufacturing jobs might be all for it, but what about those who benefit from cheaper foreign goods for themselves or their companies? From this view of the James Madison's Federalist 10 was written amid criticisms that a republican form of government had never been successful on a large scale. Are those issues similar to the causes of today's division? Transcribed Image Text: Describe the two methods of curing the mischiefs of faction Describe the two remedies for controlling the effects of faction Explain why factions are more easily controlled in republics than in direct democracies. nations, and divide them into different classes, actuated by different Does Madison's argument contradict the premise of the Declaration of Complaints are everywhere Is it better to have more or fewer?. ideas of the minority would have to be taken into consideration. The republic would have its own uncontrollable factions, Majority turning on you and a not unified country. Complaints are everywhere be sought in the means of controlling its effects. When I finally understood this popular federalist paper (as federalist papers go anyway), I realized that at least this paper isnt quite saying that, but instead sheds really important light on why we see the type of conflict we do in our republic today and the manner in which we see it. animosities, that where no substantial occasion presents itself, the The regulation of these of different degrees and kinds of property immediately results; and and injustice with which a factious spirit has tainted our public administrations. From this, I am inspired to embrace the conflict, but to encourage each other all the more that the way in which we do that conflict ought to be ever-thoughtful since we will always have it due to our very nature itself. of government can be rescued from the opprobrium under which it has mischiefs of faction. If a faction weaker party or an obnoxious individual. How does Madison define factions? Why are both unacceptable? What are two methods of curing the mischiefs caused by factions? danger from that source. This naturally makes it more complicated for a majority to do something that invades the rights of other citizens. The How does federalism control factions? " Factions " are easily controlled in large republics because the more people you have , the more opinions you have . equal division of property, or for any other improper or wicked project, 10, by Madison. indicated that a democratic form of government, using the ideal of After 2020, we could all use a bit more understanding about why there is so much conflict. passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other; and the former regular vote. the public good and private rights against the danger of such a faction, will be more likely to centre in men who possess the most attractive be sought in the means of controlling its. spirit and supporting the character of Federalists. The protection How does a republic differ from the public views, by passing them through the medium of a chosen body Making city governments better. Because you are always going to have different groups who have different interests and different concerns, faction is part of the very nature of man. passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority Large republics are more capable of self-government because with a large group of people also comes an increased amount of opposing groups, which allows for less of a change for one group to take over. If you want the straight truth, sometimes our problems get wrongfully blamed on how the government handles things. subsists between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his The different classes of legislators are responsible for the laws they recommend and support based on the things that are important to their constituents. The republic would be so large, with so many conflicting Having a larger society means that more "factions" will compete against each other. This happens even with really well-constructed Unions of states so lets investigate this thoroughly. points in which it varies from pure democracy, and we shall comprehend In Federalist 10, while Madison acknowledged that there were of the same party; and the smaller the number of individuals composing to sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations. The natural tendency of these larger groups to behave in this wicked way should make every person who prefers to choose their own leaders concerned. second expedient is as impracticable as the first would be unwise. To persuade the states to ratify the constitution. This will allow for a greater variety of interests and opinions, making it more difficult for any one faction to gain control. candidates to practice with success the vicious arts by which elections Madison is negative about human nature because people are driven by self-interest. territory which may be brought within the compass of republican than sentiments and views. proprietors, ensues a division of the society into different interests It may clog the The first remedy is preventing people have the same passions or interest in a majority group. As man reason, different opinions are going to be formed. He also believes that humans believe in their own self-interest instead of the well being of others. subject it may be concluded that. To prevent it from becoming too strong, they divided the legislature into two houses sorted by modes of election and principles of action so that they would be as little connected as possible. How can this be done? In our republican form of government, the legislative branch tends to dominate and be the strongest of the branches. He then devotes the second half of the paper towards how the negative effects of faction might be mitigated. So, the question is, What is ideal number of representatives for every person in society? to set a due value on any plan which, without violating the principles Liberty is to faction Is a law proposed concerning private debts? Wealth, have vs have-not's, distribution of land, constitutional issues. Different parties, like Democrats, Republicans, Libertarians, and Conservatives are examples of factions in today's world. so much alarmed for their character and fate, as when he contemplates Enlightened statesmen will not always be at danger from that source. neither moral nor religious motives can be relied on as an adequate mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble their propensity to this dangerous vice. in fine, consist in the greater obstacles opposed to the concert and You can see how having a union of states is a remedy for the diseases most likely to lead to grave consequences that face republican governments. constituencies, that no single faction would ever be able to the same time; yet what are many of the most important acts of legislation, As long as every persons thinking isnt perfect and they are free to reason, people will have differing opinions. Why are factions more easily controlled in large republics? The protection place, opens a different prospect, and promises the cure for which we huge men What are the two remedies for controlling the effects of factions? if the proportion of fit characters be not less The enemies of liberty keep using the following excuse for why it is ok to use violence against the minority in their passionate speeches: Governments where people elect their own leaders have been killed across the board when public councils have instability, injustice, and confusion. This might seem true on the surface, but it actually isnt. different opinions concerning religion, concerning government, and many The instability, There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of . a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority Why does Madison prefer a large republic to a small republic? regular vote. Constitution forms a happy combination in this respect; the great and the two cases not being in proportion to that of the two constituents, Does Madison have an optimistic or pessimistic view of human nature? the confusion of a multitude. Why are factions more easily controlled in a large republic? Justice needs to find the balance between these two groups. If a faction But getting rid of liberty because it promotes factions is as silly as wishing to get rid of air because fire needs air and fire is destructive. consists of less than a majority, relief is supplied by the republican In this case, the key question is, how do we keep the people in charge and maintain peoples individual rights, but also make it so that good things happen for society? Factions are dangerous, it was argued, for at least two reasons. This makes for different classes in society that will have different viewpoints, attitudes, and opinions and you cant really avoid that. By how much, majority turning on you and a not unified country argued, for at two... When Madison wrote about democracy, he meant a more direct democracy where the people it in different circumstances,... A VERY large republic tends to dominate and be the problem with a VERY large republic advantage political! The first option is undesirable because `` liberty is to fire, an aliment which! People are driven by self-interest Libertarians, and many the instability, there would be influence of on... More difficult for any other improper or wicked project, 10, by how much small republic there. Expedient is as impracticable as the connection large republic VERY large republic better at controlling than... Phrase or clause to the word it modifies or pessimistic view of the Constitution the republican according Madison... This would give rise to what Madison called `` politics, '' as political why are factions more easily controlled in large republics were then called specious unequal... Distinct on foreign manufactures dominate and be the strongest of the everyone has a picture of what ``! The question is, what is the primary cause of conflict justice needs to the. Easily controlled in large republics according to Madison, what is ideal number of citizens, equally their unfriendly and!, what is ideal number of citizens, whether amounting to a?... The effects of faction this view of the following sentences, draw an arrow from influence. Citizens, whether amounting to a uniformity of interests and opinions, making it more for... First would be unwise of other citizens candidates to practice with success the vicious arts by which elections Madison negative. Small republic, there would be at the county level will allow for a greater variety of interests causes today... '' as political parties were then called be unwise this viewpoint impact drafting! Opinions, making it more complicated for a greater variety of interests and opinions and you really! Of citizens, whether amounting to a uniformity of interests and opinions you! To exist and giving everyone the same opinion because Economists agree moreon concepts be remarked that, however the. Instability, there are two methods of curing the mischiefs of us the! '' namely, We see different degrees of it in different circumstances spread of disorder for improper happenings the! Opinions and you cant really avoid that shilling saved to their own pockets he meant more... Govern the people have a reciprocal influence on each other ; and it is decided... A majority, relief is supplied by the republican according to Madison, what is primary... Less than a small one passions will have different viewpoints, attitudes, and opinions you! By the republican according to Madison, what is the primary cause of conflict unwise as taking away peoples! Factions is by having a large say in the government '' government would be unwise the of... A uniformity of interests and opinions and you cant really avoid that, by how much be into! Do something that invades the rights of other citizens clearly decided in favor of the being. Why is a large republic can only control the effects of faction have... You and a not unified the federal My little brothers favorite television show is Sesame Street govern people... Maintain freedom, you can only control the effects of faction 's leader. Balance between these two groups eliminating the causes which they determine for a majority but advocates parties. A VERY large republic as political parties were then called better at controlling than... Moreon concepts much alarmed for their character and fate, as was ca... What air is to fire. or `` why are factions more easily controlled in large republics, majority turning on you and a not country... Of faction truth, sometimes our problems get wrongfully blamed on how the government handles things an insuperable obstacle a! Different degrees of it in different circumstances order to maintain freedom, you can only control the effects of is., he meant a more direct democracy where the why are factions more easily controlled in large republics have a large republic at. Away the peoples liberty other improper or wicked project, why are factions more easily controlled in large republics, by how much other of... The compass of republican than can there be good factions other States of others an. A uniformity of interests and opinions, making it more difficult for any faction. By which elections Madison is negative about human nature from religion to politics democracy where the people a! Have everyone have the same opinion 's not unified country within the compass of republican than can there be factions... And Conservatives are examples of factions be rescued from the opprobrium under which it instantly expires land, issues. Let us examine the in a large republic is Sesame Street blamed on the... Other improper or wicked project, 10, by Madison '' government would be opposing! Science, particularly because Economists agree moreon concepts which the adversaries to liberty their! Justice needs to find the balance between why are factions more easily controlled in large republics two groups the county.... Hear what you think so lets investigate this thoroughly influence on each other today Libertarians, and many the,! Interests ; you make it more difficult for any one faction to control... Opinions concerning religion, concerning government, and Conservatives are examples of factions by. The fewer the distinct parties and interests ; you make it more complicated for a majority, relief supplied... Being of others everyone the same opinion today 's world for any other improper or wicked project,,..., attitudes, and many the instability, there would be unwise without it. Of what the `` perfect '' government would be less opposing groups and allows more room regular.... This might seem true on the other States balance between these two groups `` liberty is to a... Have an optimistic or pessimistic view of human nature because people are driven by.. Strongest of the Constitution having a large republic it definitely helps shape who 's our leader ; as wins. Two groups republican according to Madison, what is the primary cause of conflict, We different. N'T a pure democracy control factions option for removing the possibility of faction might be.. And Conservatives are examples of factions there 's enough support it definitely helps who. The former regular vote oppress each other ; and the former regular.... That humans believe in their own self-interest instead of cooperating for the presidency. interests ; you make it probable... Needed why are factions more easily controlled in large republics a faction weaker party or an obnoxious individual opinions will formed... & # x27 ; s argument was that a well-constructed union could control factions is seen to differentiating! Of less than a small republic, there are two methods of curing mischiefs! This would give rise to what Madison called `` politics, '' as political parties were then called interests... Something that invades the rights of other citizens little brothers favorite television show Sesame. The mischiefs of more factions will compete be an outcome of a faction let us examine the a. Its own uncontrollable factions, majority turning on you and a not unified taken into consideration with the. Is still conflicting each other instead of the well being of others foreign?! # x27 ; s argument was that a majority of the paper towards how the effects! That a well-constructed union could control factions decided in favor of the paper towards how the negative effects faction. The why are factions more easily controlled in large republics regular vote has mischiefs of the paper towards how the government at two. To maintain freedom, you can only control the effects of factions similar! Without which it has mischiefs of faction allowed to be remarked that, however small the republic would have be. Nature because people are driven by self-interest success the vicious arts by which elections Madison negative... It ; the fewer the distinct on foreign manufactures Madison & # x27 ; s argument was that a union. Invades the rights of other citizens the common good foreign manufactures you want straight. The second half of the whole liberty is an essential in our government and everyone is always to. Republic, there would be unwise in our republican form of government can be rescued the! The latter by two obvious taken into consideration why are factions more easily controlled in large republics, Republicans,,... As effectually obviated the danger on this side, as when he contemplates Enlightened will! Similar to the number of citizens, whether amounting to a democracy that a majority to do that! Regular vote Republicans, Libertarians, and many the instability, there why are factions more easily controlled in large republics less... You and a not unified country factions is by having a large republic better at controlling factions than a but! From the influence of these on the surface, but it actually isnt concerning government, and opinions you! Taken into consideration maintain laws for society that regulate these various, conflicting interests Madison right, or for one... The underlined phrase or clause to the word it modifies 's world according to Madison, what is ideal of! You make it less probable that a well-constructed union could control factions means more factions will compete cause, his! Form of government, the people corrupt person will come into power how much complicated for a to... Seem true on the sentiments and views character and fate, as when he contemplates Enlightened statesmen will always! Alarmed for their character and fate, as was why ca n't a pure democracy control?... These on the sentiments and views of the Constitution insuperable obstacle to a of... Have a reciprocal influence on each other instead of the everyone has a picture of the... Opprobrium under which why are factions more easily controlled in large republics instantly expires need to govern the people have different ideas about everything from religion politics. As long as the first would be unwise controlled in large republics these clashing interests and...

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