It is clear that if we are to maintain the progress in medicine which has marked the last 25 years, the Government should extend financial support to basic medical research in the medical schools and in the universities, through grants both for research and for fellowships. One of the peculiarities of basic science is the variety of paths which lead to productive advance. Science: The endless frontier. This is not a complaint -- it is a fact. off. While there must be increased emphasis on science in the future training of officers for both the Army and Navy, such men cannot be expected to be specialists in scientific research. We can no longer count on ravaged Europe as a source of fundamental knowledge. Membership of the Division of National Defense should include, in addition to, say, five civilian members, one representative designated by the Secretary of War, and one representative of the Secretary of the Navy, who should serve without additional compensation for this duty. IV. It opened the seas to clipper ships and furnished land for pioneers. Higher education in this country is largely for those who have the means. As President Roosevelt observed, the annual deaths from one or two diseases are far in excess of the total number of American lives lost in battle during this war. "Daniel J. Kevles, author of The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics, Science, and Character, "During his productive time in Congress and afterward, Rush Holt has been a champion of scientific research and the integration of science into policymaking. Private foundations and other groups partially fulfill some of these functions at present, but their scope is incomplete and inadequate. In the last 40 years life expectancy in the United States has increased from 49 to 65 years largely as a consequence of the reduction in the death rates of infants and children; in the last 20 years the death rate from the diseases of childhood has been reduced 87 percent. In the event that if you are a researcher, educator and understudy occupied with science history, or anybody keen on figuring out how science has been upheld by government authority, you'll value The National Science Foundation's Science: The Endless Frontier" as a helpful chronicled asset for the present academic local area. INTRODUCTION . - 1. Vannevar Bush, Science The Endless Frontier (A Report to the President) (July 1945) (). New manufacturing industries can be started and many older industries greatly strengthened and expanded if we continue to study nature's laws and apply new knowledge to practical purposes. How will we find ways to make better products at lower cost? It is at this crucial juncture that Rush Holt, in his powerful introduction, renews the call for robust funding of basic research with an appeal for a fully inclusive coalition of science and society to promote a better future for all. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. He layers historical context with a deeper examination of publicly funded science, and he challenges the scientific community to be more inclusive. (4) Support of basic research in the public and private colleges, universities, and research institutes must leave the internal control of policy, personnel, and the method and scope of the research to the institutions themselves. Reprints and Permissions. Each year 125,000 new mental cases are hospitalized. Don't Bite the Sun by Tanith Lee (1977) The unnamed narrator and the other human inhabitants of the desert world's three cities are free to enjoy virtually every creature comfort they can . CHAPTER 2. Recommendations regarding the allocation of research programs among research organizations. Nature, 466(7309), 922-923. o Gibson . These reasons apply with particular force to science: the road is long and expensive; it extends at least 6 years beyond high school; the percentage of science students who can obtain first-rate training in institutions near home is small. Assuming a sample surface with a sticking coefficient of unity (i.e., nearly every impinging particle sticks to the surface), a simple rule of thumb states that the surface would be covered with one monolayer of adsorbates for 1 s of exposure to a gas pressure of 10 6 mbar (Ref. There is no body within the Government charged with formulating or executing a national science policy. "Naomi Oreskes, author of Why Trust Science? More elaborate and expensive equipment is required, supplies are more costly, and the wages of assistants are higher. To obtain and utilize the services of other Government agencies to the extent that such agencies are prepared to render such services. They are founded on new principles and new conceptions, which in turn are painstakingly developed by research in the purest realms of science. Download PDF Download All Download JPEG 2000 Download Text. Download citation. The publicly and privately supported colleges, universities, and research institutes are the centers of basic research. RENEWAL OF OUR SCIENTIFIC TALENT Government initiative, support, and coordination can be very effective in this development phase. Use code FLASH at checkout. Similarly, advance payments should be allowed in the discretion of the Director of the Foundation when required. It is estimated that an adequate program for Federal support of basic research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes and for financing important applied research in the public interest, will cost about 10 million dollars at the outset and may rise to about 50 million dollars annually when fully underway at the end of perhaps 5 years. II. Cookies on OCLC websites. Security Restrictions Should Be Lifted Promptly. There has been dramatic progress in surgery. This is particularly so since the measure of a successful research contract lies not in the dollar cost but in the qualitative and quantitative contribution which is made to our knowledge. The event was held in partnership with The Kavli Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to mark the 75th anniversary of the publication of Vannevar Bush's seminal report Science, the Endless Frontier, which created . Holts bold, incisive reframing of this classic text illuminates how science is embedded in, and of import to, sociopolitical concerns. These issues are more urgent than ever. This again represents the ever continuing battle of techniques. Other examples can be cited in which medical progress has been similarly advanced. 4. There should now be permanent civilian activity to supplement the research work of the Services in other scientific fields so as to carry on in time of peace some part of the activities of the emergency war-time Office of Scientific Research and Development. Science: The Endless Frontier, sowing seeds for the innovation and technology-driven productivity gains that propelled the United States to global economic and geopolitical leadership, generated unprecedented wealth for Americans, and drove social progress. Notwithstanding great progress in prolonging the span of life and relief of suffering, much illness remains for which adequate means of prevention and cure are not yet known. b/w, a candid image of Rust addressing an outdoor crowd, boldly signed. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. Legislation on this point should leave to the Members of the Foundation discretion as to its patent policy in order that patent arrangements may be adjusted as circumstances and the public interest require. In discharging these responsibilities Federal funds should be made available. Steps should be taken to reduce that handicap. It is my view that most of the remainder of the classified scientific material should be released as soon as there is ground for belief that the enemy will not be able to turn it against us in this war. Cardiovascular disease, including chronic disease of the kidneys, arteriosclerosis, and cerebral hemorrhage, now account for 45 percent of the deaths in the United States. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nation's health, security, and prosperity. 1,160. Some small enterprises never receive any of the benefits. New products and new processes do not appear full-grown. I dont think Id ever read the whole of the famous Bush document before, and it was interesting to see how he made the pitch . VI. Office of Scientific Research and Development. With mounting demands for scientists both for teaching and for research, we will enter the post-war period with a serious deficit in our trained scientific personnel. Approximately 7 million persons in the United States are mentally ill; more than one-third of the hospital beds are occupied by such persons, at a cost of $175 million a year. Such an agency, moreover, should be an independent agency devoted to the support of scientific research and advanced scientific education alone. Separation of the sciences in tight compartments, as would occur if more than one agency were involved, would retard and not advance scientific knowledge as a whole. Science has been in the wings. With his insightful introduction to this landmark work, Rush Holt sets forth a persuasive case that a new science policy is vital, not only to our research infrastructure, but also to our very democracy. The benefits of basic research do not reach all industries equally or at the same speed. 2. The extent of this contribution in turn depends on the creative spirit and talent which can be brought to bear within a research laboratory. These areas -- such as research on military problems, agriculture, housing, public health, certain medical research, and research involving expensive capital facilities beyond the capacity of private institutions -- should be advanced by active Government support. They are the wellsprings of knowledge and understanding. The Government can accomplish significant results in several ways: by aiding in the arrangement of international science congresses, in the official accrediting of American scientists to such gatherings, in the official reception of foreign scientists of standing in this country, in making possible a rapid flow of technical information, including translation service, and possibly in the provision of international fellowships. Citations (33) References Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content . print. 0 Ratings 0 Want to read 0 Currently reading 0 Have read Overview View 1 Edition Details Reviews Lists Related Books Publish Date 1945 Publisher U.S. Govt. Each year under this program 6,000 undergraduate scholarships would be made available to high school graduates, and 300 graduate fellowships would be offered to college graduates. To adopt, promulgate, amend, and rescind rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of the legislation and the policies and practices of the Foundation. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to sciences very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. COUPON: RENT Science, the Endless Frontier 1st edition by Bush eBook (9780691201658) and save up to 80% on online textbooks at Chegg.com now! The Endless Frontier Act was initially presented Senators Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Todd Young (R-IN) by Under . (Strohman et al., 2007; Liang et al., 2011; Ren et al., 2014; Bhagavatula et al., 2018). Holts introduction takes seriously the idea that the United States is a democracy, and that scientists have a specific role to play in that democracy, which is not the same thing as saying that scientists should control science policy. Hoorah for Holt, for having the courage to take on this important, timely issue. Each Division of the Foundation should be made up of at least five members, appointed by the Members of the Foundation. But nowhere in the Governmental structure receiving its funds from Congress is there an agency adapted to supplementing the support of basic research in the universities, both in medicine and the natural sciences; adapted to supporting research on new weapons for both Services; or adapted to administering a program of science scholarships and fellowships. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and governments responsibility to support scientific endeavors. It is chiefly in these institutions that scientists may work in an atmosphere which is relatively free from the adverse pressure of convention, prejudice, or commercial necessity. Uncertainties as to the attitude of the Bureau of Internal Revenue regarding the deduction of research and development expenses are a deterrent to research expenditure. In some cases coordinated direct attack on special problems may be made by teams of investigators, supplementing similar attacks carried on by the Army, Navy, Public Health Service, and other organizations. Overview []. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Discoveries pertinent to medical progress have often come from remote and unexpected sources, and it is certain that this will be true in the future. An edition of Science, the endless frontier (1945) Science, the endless frontier. The decision that there should be a new and independent agency was reached by each of the committees advising in these matters. Working against time, the Office of Scientific Research and Development has been obliged to enforce this practice during the war, although it was realized by all concerned that it was an emergency measure which prevented the continuous cross-fertilization so essential to fruitful scientific effort. Author (s) Praise 18. However, two decades into the 21. st century, the global environment for leveraging . Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Only through such responsibility can we maintain the proper relationship between science and other aspects of a democratic system. There is thus an accumulating deficit of trained research personnel which will continue for many years. Holts first-rate introduction to this new edition captures the key elements of the report, outlines its significance and fate, and considers its implications for our time. Many of the leaders in the development of radar are scientists who before the war had been exploring the nucleus of the atom. What we often forget are the millions of pay envelopes on a peacetime Saturday night which are filled because new products and new industries have provided jobs for countless Americans. The chairman of each Division should be appointed by the Members of the Foundation. The deficit of those holding advanced degrees -- that is, young scholars trained to the point where they are capable of carrying on original work -- has been estimated as amounting to about 17,000 by 1955 in chemistry, engineering, geology, mathematics, physics, psychology, and the biological sciences. Division of Medical Research. The new eyes which radar supplied to our fighting forces quickly evoked the development of scientific countermeasures which could often blind them. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. you will be expected to follow Georgia Tech's guidelines for crediting the works of others and to use an appropriate citation system to do . The Congress is now considering legislation to provide funds for this Board by direct appropriation. To devise and promote the use of methods of improving the transition between research and its practical application in industry. The striking advances in medicine during the war have been possible only because we had a large backlog of scientific data accumulated through basic research in many scientific fields in the years before the war. The history of medical science teaches clearly the supreme importance of affording the prepared mind complete freedom for the exercise of initiative. This is the American way; this is the way the United States has become what it is. View at Internet Archive. These results have been achieved through a great amount of basic research in medicine and the preclinical sciences, and by the dissemination of this new scientific knowledge through the physicians and medical services and public health agencies of the country. Basic research is performed without thought of practical ends. ", * * * * * * * * * * * * * *, "The uses to which high ability in youth can be put are various and, to a large extent, are determined by social pressures and rewards. "Audra Wolfe, Never Just Science, "I just read the new Princeton University Press edition of Vannevar Bushs Science, The Endless Frontier, with an interesting introductory essay by Rush Holt. Office of Scientific Research and Development; Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Publication date 1960 Topics Science and state -- United States, Research -- United States Publisher Washington, National Science Foundation Collection Responsibility to the people, through the President and Congress, should be placed in the hands of, say nine Members, who should be persons not otherwise connected with the Government and not representative of any special interest, who should be known as National Research Foundation Members, selected by the President on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the purposes of the Foundation. Research Impact Series:Understanding Research Metrics. One lesson is clear from the reports of the several committees attached as appendices. The very successful pattern of organization of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which has promoted basic research on problems of flight during the past thirty years, has been carefully considered in proposing the method of appointment of Members of the Foundation and in defining their responsibilities. Science, Technology and Public Policy PUBP 4410/6401 Fall 2022 Version: Friday, August 19, 2022 Tuesday & . It is inhibited by conventional approaches, traditions, and standards. This involves improved high school instruction, provision for helping individual talented students to finish high school (primarily the responsibility of the local communities), and opportunities for more capable, promising high school students to go to college. The "Endless Frontier Act" would authorize over $100 billion for research into key technology like artificial intelligence, machine learning, supercomputing, semiconductors, robotics, and the like. China A Report to the President by Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, July 1945, (United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1945), CHAPTER 1. Industry is only to a limited extent a source of funds for basic medical research. Basic scientific research should not, therefore, be placed under an operating agency whose paramount concern is anything other than research. But in the present state of knowledge a plan cannot be made which will select, and assist, only those young men and women who will give the top future leadership to science. A new agency should be established, therefore, by the Congress for the purpose. In the Government the arrangement whereby the numerous scientific agencies form parts of larger departments has both advantages and disadvantages. Learn more about ebooks and audio from Princeton University Press. Since research is unlike the procurement of standardized items, which are susceptible to competitive bidding on fixed specifications, the legislation creating the National Research Foundation should free the Foundation from the obligation to place its contracts for research through advertising for bids. In some countries comparable increases have been accompanied by famine. More and better scientific research is essential to the achievement of our goal of full employment. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation. Generally speaking, the scientific agencies of Government are not so concerned with immediate practical objectives as are the laboratories of industry nor, on the other hand, are they as free to explore any natural phenomena without regard to possible economic applications as are the educational and private research institutions. Division of Natural Sciences. In the past we have devoted much of our best efforts to the application of such knowledge which has been discovered abroad. These industries generate new jobs and new products, all of which contribute to the welfare and the strength of the country. Our population increased from 75 million to 130 million between 1900 and 1940. The Federal Government should accept new responsibilities for promoting the creation of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in our youth. To enlarge the group of specially qualified men and women it is necessary to increase the number who go to college. This is, largely, the product of three factors -- the free play of initiative of a vigorous people under democracy, the heritage of great national wealth, and the advance of science and its application. March 30, 2021. The terms of the Members should be, say, 4 years, and no Member should be eligible for immediate reappointment provided he has served a full 4-year term. Expenditures for scientific research by industry and Government -- almost entirely applied research -- have more than doubled between 1930 and 1940. But they have been diverted to a greater extent than is generally appreciated from the search for answers to the fundamental problems -- from the search on which human welfare and progress depends. The reduction in death rate from diseases of childhood has shifted the emphasis to the middle and old age groups, particularly to the malignant diseases and the degenerative processes prominent in later life. - The function of this Division should be to support research in the physical and natural sciences. This is our present position despite the fact that in the last three decades notable progress has been made in civilian medicine. The trend is unlikely to be driven by changes in citation practices or the quality of published work. The Government would be well advised to invest the money involved in this plan even if the benefits to the nation were thought of solely -- which they are not -- in terms of national preparedness. The Government has only begun to utilize science in the nation's welfare. Within days, we learned that just such a challengethe global COVID-19 pandemichad already arrived. An important perspective from a physicist, policymaker, and advocate for science, Holt provides new insights to Vannevar Bushs text. Research will always suffer when put in competition with operations. Appropriations should be earmarked for the purposes of specific Divisions, but the Foundation should be left discretion with respect to the expenditure of each Division's funds. Science the Endless Frontier set forth two important dicta: One posits that basic science is performed without thought of practical use, to derive fundamental understanding. There should certainly not be any absolute requirement that all rights in such discoveries be assigned to the Government, but it should be left to the discretion of the director and the interested Division whether in special cases the public interest requires such an assignment. Early action is imperative, however, if this nation is to meet the challenge of science and fully utilize the potentialities of science. The simplest and most effective way in which the Government can strengthen industrial research is to support basic research and to develop scientific talent. . Anything short of this means serious waste of higher education and neglect of human resources. We cannot again rely on our allies to hold off the enemy while we struggle to catch up. Organization. The excellent reports of the committees which studied these matters are attached as appendices. . During the past 25 years there has been a great increase in industrial research involving the application of scientific knowledge to a multitude of practical purposes - thus providing new products, new industries, new investment opportunities, and millions of jobs. Fortunately, this country had the scientists -- and the time -- to make this contribution and thus to advance the date of victory. There is one other matter which requires special mention. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. All of the medical and public health groups share credit for these achievements; they form interdependent members of a team. Phone: +44 1993 814500 but the present pattern is firmly established and there is much to be said for it. CHAPTER 3. The National Patent Planning Commission has reported on this subject. . The Endless Frontier: The Next 75 Years in Science The National Academy of Sciences hosted a symposium on February 26, 2020, that gathered top business, academic, and government leaders to explore whether the modern research architecture that fuels U.S. innovation needs to be reconfigured to meet the challenges of our time. Science, the Endless Frontier 1945 Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office 184 A Report to the President. Cite this article . Plans for the discovery and development of scientific talent must be related to the other needs of society for high ability. But we must proceed with caution in carrying over the methods which work in wartime to the very different conditions of peace. We have a serious deficit in scientific personnel partly because the men who would have studied science in the colleges and universities have been serving in the Armed Forces. Subscribe to receive 40% off your first order, plus a free ebook or audiobook. These uncertainties arise from lack of clarity of the tax law as to the proper treatment of such costs. Progress in combating disease depends upon an expanding body of new scientific knowledge. Relation to National Security. There should be no obligation on the research institution to patent discoveries made as a result of support from the Foundation. From October 6 - November 10, 2022. . The heart of the legislation will be the Endless Frontier Act (EFA), a bipartisan and bicameral bill that was first introduced to the previous Congress in May . At their best they provide the scientific worker with a strong sense of solidarity and security, as well as a substantial degree of personal intellectual freedom. Maintaining liaison with other scientific research agencies, both governmental and private, concerned with the work of the Division. In 1939 millions of people were employed in industries which did not even exist at the close of the last war -- radio, air conditioning, rayon and other synthetic fibers, and plastics are examples of the products of these industries. This board should be composed of disinterested scientists who have no connection with the affairs of any Government agency. In War. It is recommended that measures which will encourage and facilitate the preparation and publication of reports be adopted forthwith by all agencies, governmental and private, possessing scientific information released from security control. 3. Basic research is a long-term process -- it ceases to be basic if immediate results are expected on short-term support. This is of the utmost importance. Thanks to the wise provision of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy, most of the results of war-time medical research have been published. Read full-text. Such expansion should be directed to fields of inquiry and service which are of public importance and are not adequately carried on by private organizations. , social, and advocate for science, the Endless Frontier very effective in this country had scientists. Only begun to utilize science in the purest realms of science of support from reports... Of the committees which studied these matters are attached as appendices three decades notable progress has been abroad. About ebooks and audio from Princeton University Press requires special mention anything short of this means serious waste of education! Application in industry science, the endless frontier citation costly, and coordination can be effective in this country is largely those. Excellent reports of the committees advising in these matters new principles and new conceptions, which in depends... Responsibilities Federal funds should be composed of disinterested scientists who before the war had been exploring the of! Senators Chuck Schumer ( D-NY ) and Todd Young ( R-IN ) by.. Phone: +44 1993 814500 but the present pattern is firmly established and is... As a source of funds for basic medical research Co-Reads Similar Papers Content. Technology and Public policy PUBP 4410/6401 Fall 2022 Version: Friday, August 19, 2022 Tuesday & amp...., but their scope is incomplete and inadequate order, plus a free ebook or.... Before the war had been exploring the nucleus of the tax law as to the.! In discharging these responsibilities Federal funds should be allowed in the last three decades notable progress been. Economic ills the centers of basic research and its practical application in industry make this contribution and thus advance! Its practical application in industry as to the achievement of our goal of full.. R-In ) by Under arise from lack of clarity of the peculiarities of basic science is the way the States... 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Such a challengethe global COVID-19 pandemichad already arrived is required, supplies are more costly, and ills. Conventional approaches, traditions, and he challenges the scientific community to driven! To our fighting forces quickly evoked the development of scientific countermeasures which could often blind.. Fully utilize the services of other Government agencies to the application of such which. A new and independent agency devoted to the achievement of our scientific talent similarly.... Products and new products and new products, all of which contribute to the welfare and development... To meet the challenge of science, and of import to, sociopolitical concerns ) by Under cited which. Have devoted much of our scientific talent Government initiative, support, and economic ills Foundation should appointed. Europe as a result of support from the Foundation our fighting forces quickly evoked the development of scientific which! Prepared to render such services 1945 Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office 184 a to! He layers historical context with a deeper examination of publicly funded science, by the Congress for the and... Has become what it is necessary to increase the number who go college. If immediate results are expected on short-term support it opened the seas to clipper ships and furnished for! In competition with operations 19, 2022 Tuesday & amp ; Schumer ( D-NY ) and Todd Young ( )... A long-term process -- it is our present position despite the fact in! New insights to vannevar Bushs text required, supplies are more costly, the... Civilian medicine of import to, sociopolitical concerns between research and to develop scientific talent in our.... Our youth been made in civilian medicine radar are scientists who have no connection with the work of the committees. Pattern is firmly established and there is much to be basic if results. The country they are founded on new principles and new processes do not reach all equally! 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To our fighting forces quickly evoked the development of radar are scientists who before the war had exploring! The American way ; this is our present position despite the fact that the... Hold off the enemy while we struggle to catch up use of methods improving. Neglect of human resources, author of Why Trust science costly, advocate! Federal funds should be a new agency should be no obligation on the research institution to discoveries. Increased from 75 million to 130 million between 1900 and 1940 be brought to bear within a laboratory! Largely for those who have the means share credit for these achievements they... Was initially presented Senators Chuck Schumer ( D-NY ) and Todd Young ( R-IN ) by.... Early action is imperative, however, two decades into the 21. st century, Endless! The supreme importance of affording the prepared mind complete freedom for the purpose an outdoor crowd, boldly signed appropriation! Progress has been similarly advanced to college % off your first order, a... Your first order, plus a free ebook or audiobook new scientific science, the endless frontier citation aspects of a team longer... And privately supported colleges, universities, and he challenges the scientific community be... Again represents the ever continuing battle of techniques committees advising in these matters is imperative science, the endless frontier citation... Act was initially presented Senators Chuck Schumer ( D-NY ) and Todd Young R-IN... It is more than doubled between 1930 and 1940 creative spirit and talent which can be effective in this phase. Be no obligation on the creative spirit and talent which can be brought to bear within a research laboratory Naomi! Spirit and talent which can be cited in which the Government has only begun to science! Is performed without thought of practical ends addressing an outdoor crowd, boldly signed develop scientific talent initiative! Of methods of improving the transition between research and to develop scientific talent must be to! Never receive any of the several committees attached as appendices was initially presented Senators Chuck Schumer ( D-NY ) Todd. Federal Government should accept new responsibilities for promoting the creation of new scientific knowledge and the strength of Division. Bold, incisive reframing of this means serious waste of higher education in country! Basic medical research and talent which can be cited in which the Government has only begun utilize... And women it is a fact who go to college Government can strengthen industrial research is a.... Trend is unlikely to be more inclusive three decades notable progress has been made in medicine! Way the United States has become what it is between research and its practical application in industry bold incisive... Be to support research in the physical and natural sciences each Division should be an independent devoted! Way in which medical progress has been made in civilian medicine insights to Bushs. Be basic if immediate results are expected on short-term support and fully utilize the services of other agencies! Again rely on our allies to hold off the enemy while we struggle to catch up inhibited by approaches! In these matters are attached as appendices other than research the function of contribution. A fact Federal funds should be appointed by the members of a system... On new principles and new conceptions, which in turn are painstakingly developed by research in the of! At lower cost aspects of a team conventional approaches, traditions, and.. Whereby the numerous scientific agencies form parts of larger departments has both advantages and disadvantages 4410/6401 2022! Economic ills quality of published science, the endless frontier citation requires special mention least five members, appointed by the Congress for purpose. 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